Friday, August 28, 2020

Maths puzzles


Maths puzzles:


   1. Prove -*-=+
-1*0=0
-1*(-1+1)=0
(-1*(-1))+(-1*1)=0, since a*(b+c)=a*b+a*c
(-1*(-1))+(-1)=0
(-1*(-1))-1=0
(-1*(-1))=1, hence -*-=+



2. Magic Square( other similar things explained at https://www.quora.com/profile/Choutapally-Prabhakar)




1 2 3                             รจ              
4 5 6                                                    
7 8 9
Draw lines diagonally, then jump each digit to empty boxes. It will become a magic square. Add any row, column or diagonal it will give same result.


Similarly, 4X4 magic square.


3.    Prove 2=1
Assume, x=1,
Multiply with x on both sides
X2=x
Deduct one on both sides
X2-1=x-1
(x-1)(x+1)=(x-1),
Divide by x-1 on both sides.
x+1=1,
substitute x=1,
2=1

Something is wrong in above proof, find out what?

4. How many squares are there in below diagram? [a 3X3 square]

Tuesday, October 1, 2019

Short history of reservations in India: Reason, Constitution and Supreme Court Judgements

Reason behind reservations: 
In India, caste system is prevalent and lower castes are denied access to education and employment in Govt (Rajodyogi) for thousands of years. They were not allowed to own personal property as well, and remained a slave class for all these years. Hence, to undo this injustice, reservations were introduced.

History of reservations in India:
1881 - Jyotiba Phule demands for reservation in his statement to Hunter Commission on Education
1902 - Chatrapati Sahu Maharaj introduces reservations in Govt (Princely state of Kolhapur). He started schools for downtrodden.

1909 Indian Council Act - Seperate Communal Electorates to Muslims in Minto-Morley reforms (Muslim Members will be elected by muslim voters alone). Communal electorates are like today teacher constituencies in MLC elections.

1919 - Communal electorates extended to Sikhs, Anglo-indians, and Europeans

1932 – After round table conferences, The Communal Award was made by the British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald on 16 August 1932 granting separate electorates in India for the Forward CasteScheduled CasteMuslimsBuddhistsSikhsIndian ChristiansAnglo-IndiansEuropeans and Depressed Classes (now known as the Scheduled Caste) etc. The principle of weightage was also applied.

1932 Sep, 24 – Poona Pact – Certain seats were reserved in general electorate to Depressed Classes, in place of communal electorates.

1950, Jan 26: Constitution of India grants reservation under Art. 15 and Art. 16( in public employment) and Art 46. Reservation in educational institutions in provided under Art. 15 and Art. 46.

1950? Champakam Dorai Vs State of Madras Case: Supreme Court held that reservations are against Art. 14- Right to Equality.
Subsequently, Constitution 1st amendment was made to Art. 14.
1963 Balaji Vs State of Mysore case : Supreme Court states that sub-categorization as Backward and Most-Backward is not warranted under Art. 15(4). States that maximum reservation that can be allowed is 50%.
1973 – Keshavananda Bharati Case – Supreme Court defines basic structure of constitution. SC can review any decision (including amending constitution) of Govt if it is violative of basic structure.
1778 – Janata Govt Appoints second OBC commission i.e. B.P. Mandal Commission.
1990 – Govt accepts Mandal Commn report and issues Office Memorandum to implement 27% reservation for OBCs in Govt jobs and Public Sector Undertakings.
1991 – Govt issues O.M. to implement 10% reservation to Economically Backward classes.
1990: Indira Sawhaney Case(Mandal Judgement): 9 member bench
Supreme Court strikes down reservations on basis of economic backwardness; Reservations can’t exceed 50%; the ‘creamy layer’ of OBCs to be excluded from reservations.
1993: Govt issues O.M. setting creamy layer criteria, reserving 27% of jobs in central Govt to OBCs.
2006: Constitutional amendment to give reservation to SEBCs in Educational Institutions. Art. 15 amended.
2019, Jan: 103rd Constitutional amendment giving 10% reservation to Economically Backward Sections except those who are already covered under reservation(i.e. SC/ST/SEBCs-Socially and Educationally Backward Classes.)


3. Creamy layer in OBC - 
http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/Report%20on%20Income%20Criteria%20for%20Creamy%20Layer%20-Pandey635817940067450735.pdf

http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/Supplementary%20Creamy%20Layer%20Report%20241115%20final%20at%20430PM%20Corrected%20by%2005052016%20page%20no15635980433155122719.pdf

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Popular books in Telugu and English

The books in Telugu are available in Vishalandhra/Navachetana /Emesco/Hyderabad Book Trust/ Prajashakthi/ Samanthara(Lakdikapool, Hyd) bookshops. Some soft copies are available at http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/.

1. Science -

Physics
Nitya Jeevitamlo Bowthika Shastram - Yakov Perelman - (Vishalandhra, Hyd)

Adbhutha Shakthi Viduttu - Seetarama Shastry (Sahiti publication, Vijayawada)

Chemistry

Biology
Microbe Hunters (Sukshmacrimi Anveshakulu - Vishalandhra)
Choppadantu prashnalu - by Mahidhara Nalinimohan

2. Mathematics

Fun with Figures - Yakov Perelman (Sajeeva Ganitham)
How to Solve it - George Polya
Medaduku Padunu by Mahidhara Nalinimohan

3. Social
Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari

4. Religion(Theism and Atheism)

Mahabharath, Ramayan and Bhagavatam - By Rajaji/RK Narayanan

Story of Muhammed by Edith Holland(English/Telugu)

5. Philosophy

Vishwa Darshanam, by Nanduri Ramamohan Rao

Gulamgiri(Slavery) by Mahatma Jyothiba Phule

6. Biographies

Dr Ambedkar by Dhananjay Kheer

Mahatma Jothiba Phule by Dhananjay Kheer

7. Business

Zero to One - Peter Theil

Think and grow rich by Napoleon Hill

Edureetha (Dheerubhai Ambani) by A.G. Krishnamurthy(Mudra Ad Agency)

Fountain Head by Ayn Rand ( A novel)

8. Story books

9. Novels

Godfather by Mario Puzo


10. Personality Development

7 habits of highly effective people by Stephen Covey(Telugu/English)